Prosodic Morphology (1)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
a. Background
Phonological theory has developed since 1970s. The most
important development was the theory of Autosegmental Phonology proposed by
John Goldsmith in his doctoral desertation in 1976. This theory was essentially
a theory of tone languages in which the phonemic representation cannot be
analysed based on linear agglutinative approach. The fundamental idea here is
that phonological representation is more than just a sequence of segments with
its properties, rather it consists of a string of segments together with a
string of other elements called autosegments and a specified mapping between
them.
The principles of this theory were applied by John Mc
Carty in 1979 ( in spencer, 1990) to the problem of Semitic root-and-pattern
morphology to produce a theory of nonconcatinative morphology. Marantz also
used the idea to account reduplication in Agta. He proposes that reduplication
is essentially affixation but that what is affixed is a CV (Consonant Vowel)
skeleton or prosodic template, the phonemic content of the reduplicative
affix is then obtained by copying the complete phoneme melody of the root and
linking it to the affixal CV template respecting the principles of association
in Autosegmental theory (in Spencer.1990, McCarty. 1992, Roca.1994)
b. Formulation
of The Problem
1. What
is prosodic morphology?
2. How
the relationship about prosodic morphology and reduplication?
c. Purposes
1. To
know about prosodic morphology
2. To
know the base prosodic morphology
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Prosodic
Morphology
1. Arabic
Binyanim
In
semitic languages, such as arabic and hebrew, word may be formed by modifying
the root itself internally and not simply by the concatenation of affixes and
root as happens in an inflecting agglutinating or incorporating language.
The typical
word-formation methods in english are :
a. Affixation
b. Compounding
c. Conversion
In semitic morphology we encounter a
very different situation. Much of the word-formation takes place
root-internally. Infixing and modification of the root rather than the
stringing together of discrete morphemes,is the norm.
a.
kataba ‘he wrote’
b.
kattaba ‘he caused to write’
c.
kaataba ‘he corresponded’
d.
takaatabuu ‘they kept up a correspondence’
e.
ktataba ‘he copied’
f.
kitaabun ‘book (nominative)’
g. kuttaabun ‘Koran School (nom.)’
h. kitaabatun ‘act of writing (nom.)’
i. maktabun ‘office (nom.)’
j. makaatibu ‘offices (nom.)’
k. kutiba ‘it was written’
l. nkatab ‘subscribe’
(from McCarthy,1981)
The word in above are built around the
consonants ktb which are associated with the meaning “write”.
2. Prosodic
Morphology and Nonconcatenative Morphology
Prosodic
morphology was initiated by McCarthy (1979,1981). He noted the similarity in
the behavior of vowels introduced into consonantal roots by morphological
proccesses in arabic on the one hand, and that of phonological prosodies like
tone spreading on the other.
Arabic
has elements arranged on three independent tiers at the underlying level or
representation in the lexicon, the three tiers being root tier (consonantal
tier), the skeletal tier, and the vocalic melody tier.
Root tier : k t bSkeletal tier: C V C V C V
Vocalic melodi tier : u
i a
These
three tiers are linked together by association lines similar to those we used
earlier in our discussion of autosegmental phonology.
3. The
Morphem Tier Hypothesis
Prosodic
morphology also incorporate the morpheme tier hypothesis. This is the claim
that, in the lexicon,the representation of each morpheme in a word occupies a
separate tier (McCarthy,1981). So,lexical representation contain another tier,
namely the morphem tier is conventionally symbolized by µ.
As you can see
in below, which is typical, a root morpheme like ktb may be interrupted by
occurences of the vowels that represent a different morpheme.
µ
Vocalic melody tier : a |
|||
|
|||
Skeletal tier : C V V C V C V
Root tier : k t b
µ
This
example there are two morphemes, the root morpheme representated by the
consonantal elements on the root tier, and the morpheme conveying grammatical
information, which is represented by the vocalic melody tier.
CHAPTER
III
CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
Prosodic
morphology is a significant developmentin morphological theory. It provides a
perspicuous way of describing language with nonconcatenative morphology.
Although such language are neither raer nor obscure, they have been neglected
or described in an unilluminating manner in most of the modern morphological
literature.
Sugestion
I
hope we can get the materrial clearly.
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